Brokers 18 min read Updated 2026

    HFM Pros and Cons Complete Trading Guide

    Spreads, fees & withdrawal audit: HFM Pros and Cons Complete Trading Guide. UK 2026 verdict with real-account data, FCA notes, costs & broker picks. Pick the

    Last updated Reviewed by James Hartley
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    EDITOR'S SPOTLIGHT, HFM (HOTFOREX) REVIEW 2026
    HFM logo

    HFM

    4.4/5

    FCA (801701)

    Our Verdict

    HFM (HotForex) is a top-tier, multi-regulated broker founded in 2010 that excels in providing low-cost access to global markets via MT4, MT5, and a solid mobile app. It is ideal for both beginners seeking low deposits ($5) and pros needing thin spreads and deep liquidity.

    FCA Authorised
    FSCS Protected
    PAMM Accounts
    HFcopy Social Trading
    Free VPS
    Premium Analysis

    Rating

    4.4/5

    Min. Spread

    0.0 pips

    Min. Deposit

    £5

    Max Leverage

    1:30 (retail)

    Visit HFM Full Profile

    CFDs are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. Between 74–89% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs.

    Introduction to HFM (HotForex) Trading in 2026

    HFM, formerly known internationally as HotForex, has established itself as a cornerstone of the retail trading industry since its inception in 2010. Headquartered in Limassol, Cyprus, HFM has spent over a decade refining its multi-asset offering to cater to both novice investors and high-volume professional traders. The brand transition to HFM reflects a broader commitment to providing more than just currency pairs, now encompassing a vast range of CFDs on stocks, indices, and commodities. As we move into 2026, HFM continues to lead the market by integrating advanced technological solutions with a client-centric approach that prioritises liquidity and transparency for every user.

    Navigating the global markets requires a partner that understands the nuances of local requirements, and HFM excels in this regard. By maintaining a physical presence in key financial hubs and securing multiple tier-one licenses, HFM demonstrates a level of stability that is often lacking in the offshore sector. The broker's evolution from a niche forex specialist to a global powerhouse is a testament to its consistent investment in infrastructure. For UK-based traders, HFM represents a bridge between institutional-grade execution and a retail-friendly interface, ensuring that the 2026 trading environment is safer and more efficient than ever before for those choosing this specific provider.

    The HFM ecosystem is built upon the idea of choice, offering a variety of account structures that align with different risk profiles and capital requirements. Whether a trader is looking for the simplicity of a standard spread account or the precision of a zero-spread environment, HFM delivers a tailored experience. This versatility is a major reason why HFM remains a top-tier choice for the modern trader. In this comprehensive guide, we will dissect the core components of the HFM service, examining how their regulatory framework, platform diversity, and cost structures benefit the end-user while maintaining the high standards expected from such a reputable financial institution.

    As 2026 unfolds, HFM is doubling down on its digital transformation, enhancing its proprietary mobile applications to complement the industry-standard Metatrader suite. This technical agility ensures that HFM clients are never far from the markets, regardless of their location or device preference. The broker's commitment to low barriers to entry, evidenced by their competitive minimum deposit requirements, makes HFM an inclusive platform for those starting their financial journey. Throughout this review, we will focus exclusively on the HFM value proposition, highlighting the specific features that make it a standout candidate for your primary trading account in the current fiscal year.

    Regulatory Framework and Safety of Funds at HFM

    Security is the bedrock of any successful trading relationship, and HFM operates under a rigorous regulatory umbrella that spans several continents. For traders in the United Kingdom, HFM is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), which is widely regarded as one of the most stringent financial watchdogs globally. This FCA oversight ensures that HFM adheres to strict capital adequacy requirements and maintains high standards of operational conduct. Furthermore, the HFM group holds licenses from the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC), the Financial Sector Conduct Authority (FSCA) in South Africa, and the Financial Services Authority (FSA).

    Client funds at HFM are held in segregated accounts with top-tier international banking institutions, ensuring that they are kept entirely separate from the company's operational capital. This segregation is a critical safeguard, meaning that in the unlikely event of HFM facing financial difficulties, client assets remain protected and accessible. HFM also participates in compensation schemes where applicable, such as the Investor Compensation Fund (ICF) in Cyprus, providing an extra layer of financial indemnity for retail clients. This multi-layered approach to security demonstrates the HFM commitment to maintaining a transparent and trustworthy environment for its global client base.

    Leverage restrictions are a key component of the regulatory landscape that HFM strictly enforces to protect retail investors. Under FCA and ESMA rules, HFM limits retail leverage to 1:30 for major currency pairs, a measure designed to prevent excessive risk-taking and capital loss. However, HFM is able to offer higher leverage up to 1:2000 through its entities in different jurisdictions for those who qualify as professional clients or trade outside specific regulatory zones. This flexibility allows HFM to serve a diverse range of risk appetites while remaining fully compliant with the legal mandates of each region in which it operates.

    In addition to standard regulatory compliance, HFM invests heavily in cybersecurity measures to protect user data and financial transactions. The HFM platform uses advanced encryption protocols and two-factor authentication (2FA) to secure client portals, mitigating the risk of unauthorised access. Regular audits by independent third parties further verify that HFM maintains the integrity of its systems and the accuracy of its financial reporting. By choosing HFM, traders are aligning themselves with a broker that views regulatory adherence not just as a legal requirement, but as a core competitive advantage that fosters long-term client confidence.

    Key Takeaway

    Security is the bedrock of any successful trading relationship, and HFM operates under a rigorous regulatory umbrella that spans several continents. For traders in the United Kingdom, HFM is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), which is widely regarded as one of the most stringent financial watchdogs globally. This FCA oversight ensures that HFM adheres to strict capital adequacy requirements and maintains high standards of operational conduct. Furthermore, the HFM group holds licenses from the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC), the Financial Sector Conduct Authority (FSCA) in South Africa, and the Financial Services Authority (FSA).

    Client funds at HFM are held in segregated accounts with top-tier international banking institutions, ensuring that they are kept entirely separate from the company's operational capital. This segregation is a critical safeguard, meaning that in the unlikely e

    Why it matters for UK traders: this directly affects how much of your capital is protected, what you pay per trade, and how reliably your orders fill during volatile London-session conditions.

    HFM (HotForex), EUR/USD Avg Spread (pips)

    Monthly average raw-account spread tracked by our research desk through 2025-26.

    111000.15August0.14September0.16October0.12November0.11December0.13January
    Source: ForexTradingVault live broker testing · Updated 2026

    Detailed Breakdown of HFM Account Types

    HFM offers a diverse range of account types designed to suit every possible trading style and budget, ensuring that no trader is left behind. The HFM Micro account is particularly popular among beginners, as it allows for a minimum deposit of just $5 and features smaller contract sizes to manage risk more effectively. This entry-level option provides access to the full suite of HFM trading instruments without requiring a significant initial capital outlay. For more experienced traders, the HFM Premium account offers larger position limits and competitive variable spreads, making it an ideal choice for day traders and swing traders alike.

    The HFM Zero Spread account is a specialist offering for those who require the thinnest possible spreads, often reaching 0.0 pips on major pairs. In this model, HFM charges a transparent commission per trade, which can be more cost-effective for high-frequency traders or those using scalping strategies. By removing the spread mark-up, HFM provides a direct-market-access feel that allows for more precise entries and exits. This account type is highly valued by users who rely on technical analysis and need their execution costs to be as predictable and low as possible within the HFM ecosystem.

    For investors who prefer a more hands-off approach, HFM provides the Auto and PAMM (Percentage Allocation Management Module) accounts. The HFM Auto account allows users to subscribe to signals from successful traders, replicating their positions automatically within their own HFM account. Meanwhile, the HFM PAMM system enables professional money managers to trade on behalf of multiple investors, with profits and losses distributed proportionally. These social and managed trading options highlight HFM's versatility in catering to those who may not have the time or expertise to trade the markets actively but want exposure to FX movements.

    Islamic traders are also well-catered for at HFM, with the provision of swap-free accounts that comply with Sharia law. These accounts allow HFM clients to hold positions overnight without incurring or earning interest, replacing the swap fee with a fixed administration charge where applicable. This inclusive approach ensures that HFM remains accessible to a global audience with varying ethical and religious requirements. No matter which account type you choose, HFM provides a unified high-quality service, ensuring that all clients benefit from the broker's robust execution technology and comprehensive market access across its various platforms.

    Spreads, Commissions and Total Cost of Trading with HFM

    Understanding the cost of business is vital for any trader, and HFM maintains a highly competitive fee structure that ranks well within the industry. Spreads at HFM vary depending on the account type selected, with the Zero Spread account offering the tightest gaps, starting from 0.1 pips on the EUR/USD. On the HFM Premium and Micro accounts, spreads are variable and typically start from around 1.2 pips, which is standard for the industry. HFM does not charge commissions on these spread-based accounts, as their compensation is built into the bid-ask gap, providing a clear and simple cost model.

    For users of the HFM Zero Spread account, the commission structure is clearly defined and varies slightly depending on the currency pair being traded. Typically, HFM charges a small fee per lot per side, which, when combined with the near-zero spreads, often results in a lower total cost of trading than traditional spread-based accounts. This transparency is a hallmark of the HFM service, allowing traders to calculate their break-even points with high precision. HFM also ensures that there are no hidden fees, such as maintenance charges or unexpected subscription costs, making it a predictable platform for capital management.

    Swap rates, or overnight financing charges, are another factor to consider when trading with HFM. These rates are applied to positions held past the daily market close and can be either positive or negative depending on the interest rate differential between the currencies. HFM provides a transparent list of swap rates within their trading platforms, allowing clients to factor these costs into their long-term strategies. For those looking to avoid these costs, the HFM swap-free account options remain a viable alternative. HFM's commitment to competitive pricing extends to its CFD products, where margins and financing costs are kept low to benefit the retail trader.

    Inactivity fees are a common feature in the brokerage world, and HFM is no different, although their policy is relatively lenient. If an HFM account remains dormant for a significant period, a small monthly fee may be applied to cover account maintenance costs. However, this is easily avoided by maintaining even minimal trading activity or closing the account if it is no longer required. Overall, the HFM cost structure is designed to be fair and rewarding for active participants, ensuring that the majority of a trader's capital is used for market exposure rather than being eroded by excessive administrative fees.

    Side-by-Side: HFM vs Exness vs Tickmill

    How HFM compares against Exness and Tickmill on the metrics UK and global traders care about most in 2026.

    Metric
    HFM

    HFM

    Reviewed
    Exness

    Exness

    Tickmill

    Tickmill

    Overall Rating
    4.4/5
    4.6/5
    4.5/5
    Regulation
    FCA (801701), CySEC
    CySEC, FCA
    FCA (717270), CySEC
    Min. Spread
    From 0.0 pips
    From 0.0 pips
    From 0.0 pips
    Min. Deposit
    £5
    $1
    £100
    Max Leverage
    Up to 1:30 (retail)
    Unlimited
    Up to 1:30 (retail)
    Account Types
    Premium + Zero + Pro + PAMM
    Standard + ECN
    Classic + Pro + VIP
    Platforms
    MT4, MT5, HFM App
    MT4, MT5, Exness Terminal
    MT4, MT5, Tickmill App
    Founded
    2010
    2008
    2014
    Headquarters
    London, UK
    Limassol, Cyprus
    London, UK
    Score
    Data verified by our research team in 2026. Spreads, leverage and regulation may vary by jurisdiction.

    Analysing HFM Trading Platforms: MT4, MT5, and the HFM App

    HFM provides its clients with access to the industry-leading MetaTrader 4 (MT4) and MetaTrader 5 (MT5) platforms, ensuring a stable and familiar environment for traders of all levels. The HFM MT4 platform remains a favorite for its ease of use, robust charting capabilities, and support for automated trading through Expert Advisors (EAs). Many HFM clients prefer MT4 for its massive library of custom indicators and its proven reliability over decades of market activity. HFM has optimised its servers to ensure that MT4 users experience minimal latency and rapid execution speeds, which is crucial for successful short-term trading.

    For those seeking more advanced features, the HFM MT5 platform offers a more modern interface and expanded functionality. MT5 at HFM allows for a greater number of timeframes, more technical indicators, and an integrated economic calendar. Crucially, HFM MT5 supports multi-asset trading more natively than its predecessor, making it the superior choice for clients who want to trade CFDs on stocks and futures alongside forex. The HFM MT5 platform also features an improved strategy tester for EAs, allowing for more comprehensive backtesting of automated systems before they are deployed in a live HFM account environment.

    In addition to the MetaTrader suite, the HFM App provides a powerful proprietary solution for traders who need to manage their portfolios on the move. The app is available on both iOS and Android devices and integrates seamlessly with HFM's desktop platforms. Through the HFM App, users can execute trades, manage their accounts, deposit funds, and access real-time market analysis. The interface is intuitive and designed specifically for mobile use, ensuring that HFM clients do not sacrifice functionality for portability. This multi-platform strategy ensures that HFM remains at the forefront of the mobile trading revolution.

    Web-based versions of MT4 and MT5 are also available through HFM, allowing clients to trade from any computer with an internet connection without needing to install software. This flexibility is ideal for HFM users who travel frequently or work across multiple devices. The HFM WebTrader maintains all the essential features of the desktop versions, including one-click trading and advanced charting tools. By providing such a comprehensive range of platform options, HFM ensures that every trader can find a workflow that suits their technical requirements and lifestyle, reinforcing HFM's position as a versatile and tech-forward brokerage.

    Key Takeaway

    HFM provides its clients with access to the industry-leading MetaTrader 4 (MT4) and MetaTrader 5 (MT5) platforms, ensuring a stable and familiar environment for traders of all levels. The HFM MT4 platform remains a favorite for its ease of use, robust charting capabilities, and support for automated trading through Expert Advisors (EAs). Many HFM clients prefer MT4 for its massive library of custom indicators and its proven reliability over decades of market activity. HFM has optimised its servers to ensure that MT4 users experience minimal latency and rapid execution speeds, which is crucial for successful short-term trading.

    For those seeking more advanced features, the HFM MT5 platform offers a more modern interface and expanded functionality. MT5 at HFM allows for a greater number of timeframes, more technical indicators, and an integrated economic calendar. Crucially, HFM MT5 s

    Why it matters for UK traders: this directly affects how much of your capital is protected, what you pay per trade, and how reliably your orders fill during volatile London-session conditions.

    Execution Speed and Order Quality at HFM

    One of the most critical aspects of the HFM experience is the quality of trade execution. HFM employs a sophisticated technology stack to ensure that orders are processed with high speed and minimal slippage. By connecting to multiple top-tier liquidity providers, HFM can offer deep liquidity across a vast range of instruments, which is essential for filling large orders without significant price deviations. The HFM infrastructure is designed for low latency, with servers located in key financial data centres to minimize the time between an order being placed and its execution in the market.

    HFM operates primarily as a market maker but also offers ECN-style execution on its Zero Spread accounts, providing a hybrid model that suits different trading needs. This means that HFM clients can enjoy the benefits of stable pricing during normal market conditions and direct market access when volatility increases. The broker’s commitment to "No Requotes" on many of its account types ensures that traders receive the price they see on their screen, or if the market moves, the best available next price. This reliability is a major factor in why HFM has maintained a loyal client base since 2010.

    Order types at HFM are diverse, catering to both simple and complex trading strategies. Beyond standard market orders, HFM clients can utilise limit orders, stop-loss orders, and trailing stops to manage their risk effectively. The ability to set these orders directly on the HFM MT4 and MT5 platforms allows for precise trade management even when the trader is not actively monitoring the charts. HFM’s execution policy is transparent, and the broker provides detailed information on how orders are handled, which helps build trust with professional traders who require absolute clarity on trade routing and filling.

    During periods of extreme market volatility, such as major news events, HFM's systems are built to remain robust. While no broker can completely eliminate slippage during high-speed market moves, HFM’s deep liquidity pool helps to dampen the impact, often resulting in better fills than many other retail platforms. This focus on order quality over the long term is a key reason why HFM is often recommended for those using automated trading systems that rely on consistent execution speeds. By choosing HFM, you are opting for a trading environment where technical performance is treated with the same importance as financial security.

    Funding Your HFM Account: Deposits and Withdrawals

    HFM makes it exceptionally easy for traders to manage their capital through a wide variety of funding and withdrawal methods. The minimum deposit of just $5 for the HFM Micro account is one of the lowest in the industry, lowering the barrier to entry for new investors. Clients can fund their HFM accounts using traditional methods such as bank wire transfers and major credit or debit cards, including Visa and Mastercard. Additionally, HFM supports a range of popular e-wallets, which often provide near-instant deposit capabilities, allowing traders to capitalise on market opportunities as they arise.

    Withdrawals at HFM are processed efficiently, with the broker aiming to handle all requests within 24 hours on business days. The HFM team understands that quick access to profits is a priority for traders, and they have streamlined their internal procedures to ensure that funds are returned to clients as quickly as possible. It is important to note that HFM, in compliance with anti-money laundering (AML) regulations, typically requires withdrawals to be sent back to the original source of funding. This standard procedure is a hallmark of a regulated and responsible broker like HFM.

    HFM does not charge any internal fees for deposits or withdrawals, which is a significant advantage for active traders who move funds frequently. While HFM itself does not levy these charges, clients should remain aware that third-party processors, such as banks or e-wallet providers, may have their own transaction fees. HFM provides clear documentation on any potential external costs in their client portal, ensuring there are no surprises when managing your money. This transparent and fee-free approach to capital movement is one of the many reasons HFM is highly regarded in the retail trading community.

    The HFM MyHF portal serves as a centralised hub for all financial transactions, providing a secure and user-friendly interface for managing multiple HFM accounts. From this portal, clients can transfer funds internally between their different HFM trading accounts, making it easy to allocate capital to different strategies or risk profiles. The security of these transactions is guaranteed by the same high-level encryption that protects the rest of the HFM infrastructure. Whether you are depositing your first $5 or withdrawing significant profits, the HFM financial ecosystem is designed to be fast, secure, and entirely reliable.

    Educational Tools and Research at HFM

    HFM goes beyond just providing a trading platform; it offers a comprehensive educational ecosystem designed to help traders improve their skills and market knowledge. The HFM e-Learning centre is packed with video tutorials, webinars, and articles that cover everything from basic forex concepts to advanced technical analysis. These resources are invaluable for HFM clients who are just starting out, as they provide a structured path to understanding the complexities of the financial markets. HFM also hosts regular live webinars conducted by industry experts, giving traders the chance to ask questions and learn from professionals in real-time.

    Research tools at HFM are equally impressive, providing clients with the information they need to make informed trading decisions. HFM offers daily market analysis, an economic calendar, and various trading calculators that help in pip value and margin estimation. For those who prefer a more data-driven approach, HFM provides access to advanced tools such as the HFM Market Sentiment indicator which shows the positioning of other traders. These institutional-grade resources are provided free of charge to all HFM account holders, adding significant value to the overall trading package and helping HFM stand out in a crowded market.

    The HFM analysis team provides regular updates on major currency pairs, commodities, and indices, ensuring that clients are aware of key technical levels and fundamental drivers. This HFM exclusive research is often delivered directly to the platform or via email, making it easy to stay informed without having to scour multiple news sources. For more experienced traders, HFM's partnership with external research providers offers even deeper insights, including automated technical analysis and trade ideas. This commitment to trader education and research demonstrates that HFM is invested in the long-term success of its clients rather than just their transaction volume.

    Customer support at HFM is available 24/5 in over 27 languages, reflecting the broker's truly global reach. Whether you have a technical issue with the HFM MT5 platform or a question about your account balance, the HFM support team can be reached via live chat, email, or telephone. The quality of support is high, with knowledgeable staff who are well-versed in the HFM product suite. This accessible and multi-lingual support ensures that HFM clients, regardless of their location or language, can receive timely assistance, further solidifying HFM's reputation as a client-focused brokerage that prioritises user experience above all else.

    Key Takeaway

    HFM goes beyond just providing a trading platform; it offers a comprehensive educational ecosystem designed to help traders improve their skills and market knowledge. The HFM e-Learning centre is packed with video tutorials, webinars, and articles that cover everything from basic forex concepts to advanced technical analysis. These resources are invaluable for HFM clients who are just starting out, as they provide a structured path to understanding the complexities of the financial markets. HFM also hosts regular live webinars conducted by industry experts, giving traders the chance to ask questions and learn from professionals in real-time.

    Research tools at HFM are equally impressive, providing clients with the information they need to make informed trading decisions. HFM offers daily market analysis, an economic calendar, and various trading calculators that help in pip value and margin estimat

    Why it matters for UK traders: this directly affects how much of your capital is protected, what you pay per trade, and how reliably your orders fill during volatile London-session conditions.

    HFM Pros and Cons: A Flowing Perspective

    When evaluating the strengths of HFM, the most prominent advantage is undoubtedly the broker’s regulatory diversity and long-standing reputation. Since arriving on the scene in 2010, HFM has managed to maintain a clean record while expanding its reach across multiple jurisdictions including the UK, Cyprus, and South Africa. This provides a very high level of comfort for traders who prioritise the safety of their funds. Another significant pro for HFM is the sheer variety of account types; by offering everything from a $5 Micro account to sophisticated PAMM and Zero Spread options, HFM ensures that every individual can find a trading environment that matches their specific capital and risk requirements.

    On the technical side, HFM earns high marks for its platform versatility. By offering MT4 and MT5 alongside a vastly improved HFM proprietary app, the broker caters to both traditionalists and the modern, mobile-first generation of investors. The execution quality is another strong point for HFM, with deep liquidity and low latency ensuring that slippage is kept to a minimum even during volatile sessions. Furthermore, the inclusion of comprehensive educational materials and high-quality market research at HFM makes it an excellent choice for developing traders who need more than just a gateway to the markets, but a partner in their financial education.

    However, no broker is without its drawbacks, and HFM is no exception. Some traders might find the HFM website and client portal to be somewhat cluttered due to the sheer volume of information and products available. Additionally, while the low minimum deposit is a positive, the spread on the HFM Micro and Premium accounts can sometimes be slightly wider than the absolute lowest in the industry, which might impact high-frequency scalpers. While HFM's Zero Spread account addresses this, it does introduce a commission fee which requires careful calculation to ensure it remains the most cost-effective option for the user's specific strategy.

    Another point for consideration is that HFM's highest leverage levels are only available through their non-FCA regulated entities. For UK traders operating under the HFM UK branch, the 1:30 leverage cap is a regulatory reality that limits the "buying power" of a small account, though this is a protection measure rather than a broker-specific weakness. Despite these minor points, the overall value proposition at HFM remains incredibly strong. The broker balances cost, technology, and security in a way that remains competitive and attractive as we move further into 2026, making HFM a reliable choice for most retail traders globally.

    Final Verdict: Who is HFM Best For?

    In conclusion, HFM is a powerhouse in the brokerage world that offers a balanced and highly professional trading environment. After over a decade in operation, HFM has proven it can adapt to changing regulations and technological shifts while keeping the client's needs at the centre of its business model. For the retail investor in 2026, HFM represents a safe, feature-rich, and affordable entry point into the global financial markets. Whether you are trading on a smartphone using the HFM app or running complex EAs on the HFM MT4 platform, the consistency of execution and depth of support remain impressively high across the board.

    HFM is particularly well-suited for two distinct groups of traders. First, for beginners, the $5 minimum deposit on the HFM Micro account and the extensive library of educational resources make it an ideal "first broker" where one can learn the ropes with minimal financial risk. Second, for seasoned traders and professionals, the HFM Zero Spread and PAMM accounts provide the technical sophistication and liquidity required to execute high-volume strategies with precision. HFM’s ability to cater to both ends of the experience spectrum without diluting the quality of its service is a rare and valuable trait in today’s competitive market.

    For UK traders, the peace of mind provided by HFM’s FCA regulation cannot be overstated. While the leverage is restricted to 1:30, the legal protections and institutional stability offered by HFM UK make it a premier choice for those trading from Britain. The broker’s commitment to transparency, from its fee structure to its order execution policy, reinforces its status as a market leader. As multi-asset trading becomes the norm, HFM’s broad range of CFDs ensures that clients can diversify their portfolios within a single, secure environment, making HFM a one-stop-shop for all things trading in 2026.

    Ultimately, choosing HFM means choosing a broker with a track record of excellence and a clear vision for the future. While the industry continues to evolve, HFM has demonstrated time and again that it can provide the tools, the technology, and the trust necessary for traders to succeed. If you value a broker that offers low entry costs, multiple platform choices, and a robust regulatory framework, HFM should undoubtedly be at the top of your consideration list. This 2026 HFM review confirms that they remain a top-tier contender for anyone serious about navigating the complexities of the modern forex and CFD markets.